xenophobia - n, an abnormal fear or hatred of foreigners and strange things.
racism - n
1. (Sociology) the belief that races have distinctive cultural characteristics determined by hereditary factors and that this endows some races with an intrinsic superiority over others.
2. (Sociology) abusive or aggressive behaviour towards members of another race on the basis of such a belief.
My point being that they're not the same thing.
Judging from the reports that I've seen -- local and abroad -- there's good evidence to indicate that the primary issue for many Leave voters was, in fact, immigration and the need to "stem the tide". Time and again the "immigrants have ruined this country", or "stop immigration and we'll have our country back" lines are repeated ad nauseum. This is xenophobia, the fear or hatred of foreigners, not racism.
The problem is that there really is no "tide" of immigrants in the UK. The figure of 350,000+ immigrants to the UK is often cited and for the sake of argument let's take it as a baseline. The commentary coming from the Brexit campaign and echoed by many Leave voters is that that rate is "completely unsustainable". Ball-parking the UK population at roughly 60 million this number then represents an immigration rate of roughly 0.6%.
The fact is that the UK immigration rate of 0.6% should not really be a problem. For instance Canada, with roughly half the population of the UK, has a perfectly sustainable rate of net immigration at approximately 250,000 per year, or about 0.8%. No significant reports of overwhelming "tides of immigrants" there. I've seen references to economic studies into immigration and fiscal stability and it seems to be generally agreed that anything up to about 1% population increase via immigration year-on-year should be no problem for a healthy Western economy.
And yet I hear senior UK politicians repeat time and again that they're shooting for immigration "in the 10s of thousands". Let's say they mean 50,000, for the sake of discussion. That's 0.08%, one tenth of what Canada sustains year on year! Not only is that a ridiculously low number it's not even considered healthy because Western economies need population growth for sustained economic health and the birth rates are way too low by far.
Want to say "but there is no room for them"? Sorry, not true. Back to Canada for example: almost everyone in Canada lives within a few of the major cities, especially the new immigrants. Same in Australia and many other countries. Sure, London is ridiculously crowded but that's because so many people want to be there, not because there is "no room."
So, is the UK different in some way such that a modest rate of immigration is not sustainable? Or is it something in the character of the people that makes the current rate appear unsustainable.
Coming from a country (Canada) where immigration is generally accepted as a completely normal and necessary part of the country's character I'd have to say that the hew and cry I hear about immigrants here in the UK is a little puzzling. I currently live in Scotland and TBH it feels rather like Canada in some ways: lots of people from lots of places speaking their languages and getting on about their business. No major upset here afaict so ... where's the beef?
I've heard it said more than once by English and Scottish observers -- sorry, don't spend much time elsewhere in the UK -- that the "real" issue is that "people don't like to hear foreign languages on their High Streets." Maybe that's a fair description of the situation, maybe it isn't, but it is a fine example of xenophobia. And I'd say that if that's how you or the folks you call your fellow citizens feel then guess what, you're xenophobic! That certainly doesn't mean your are racist but it is a big step in that direction. And if xenophobic attitudes are accepted as the norm in your neck of the woods then you can bet that some percentage of your lovely neighbours will take that and run with it straight into full-blown racism. It's human nature as we all know: there are always a certain percentage who will push things too far.
Elsewhere in these discussions some have said things like "ban the Muslims, they'll never fit in" and so forth. Yeah, that's definitely xenophobic, however strongly or genuinely you may believe it. Tired of being called xenophobic? Great, don't be. Not likely to change your feelings about these things? Fair enough, your call, but if the shoe fits ...
The problem is you mix xenophobia with - for a lack of a better word - a response to an "invasion".
It is nice to have a few foreigners from exotic countries; it is entertaining to compare notes on culture and mentality. But a few foreigners do not change the cultural and social landscape.
If the foreigners - with a completely different mentality, culture and behavioral patterns - begin to come in such numbers that the cultural and social landscape changes, then the original population begans to oppose the immigration, IMO rightfully so.
The matter is more complex because the "original innocent population" bears responsibility for their governments and hence bears responsibility for arms exports and hence bears partial responsibility for the wars taking place in the countries generating migrants.
But the wars and horrors taking place in so many countries around the world are mainly the work of the people in those countries. It is one thing to supply arms to their hands and it is another thing to use them.
There is really no other reason for the hell on earth in the Middle East and in many countries in Africa than the people living there.
I have translated hundreds of reports on these countries (by UK Home Office, Amnesty International, US Department of State and many other analytical groups) during the last 15 years so I have some idea what I am talking about.
Regrettably, the situation in the world cannot be solved by accepting all the immigrants fleeing from the horrors in their countries, there is just too many of them.
For example, in Ethiopia, there is 100 million inhabitants today and there is a hardline totalitarian regime there. IMO many people there would be entitled to political emigration according to the rules of the 20th century just as my countrymen were during the socialist era. But the current situation is different, there is just too many problems everywhere - and Ethopia is just one country and it would probably take all Europe's resources just to help properly this one country... And then there is the biggets problem of all - it is impossible to change people from the outside, it has never worked and never will...
So it is unfair or at least inaccurate IMO to use the word xenophobia in the context of the current migration flows and rates.